En god grunn for å dra på jaktreise til Afrika

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Sjekk de forskjellige landene nedenfor og se hva jaktturismen genererer de forskjellig samfunnene og dyrelivet!!!! Trophy hunting by 18,500 hunters generates US$ 200 million annually in remote rural areas of Africa in 23 countries. Private hunting operations conserve wildlife on 540,000 square miles, which is 22% more land than is found in the national parks of Africa. (Lindsey, 2007, Conservation Biology)

“… during the late 1990s, sport hunting is responsible for a large component of economic growth. Initially, most sport hunting revenue accrued to government and private landowners, however, more recently, an increasing proportion of such revenues has been apportioned between these two sectors and local communities.” (Report of the Southern African Development Community, a treaty organization.)

"Trophy hunting is of key importance to conservation in Africa by creating [financial] incentives to promote and retain wildlife as a land use over vast areas…". (National Geographic News, March, 2007)

Specific examples:

Botswana

Trophy hunting alone currently generates $20 million annually in Botswana and more than 1,000 jobs.

$6.7 million is generated from trophy fees alone.

Nearly 75% of trophy hunting revenue remains in Botswana. In comparison, only 27% of all tourism revenue remains in Botswana.

Trophy hunting generates 28.2% of the income for Community Based Natural Resources Management. Almost 50% of the income is reinvested in the local rural communities.

In 1993, the Chobe Enclave Conservation Trust district council produced $12,000 in revenue by sub-leasing resource use rights to safari operators. In 1994 the Trust’s revenue more than doubled to $27,000, in 1995 revenue jumped to $77,000, and in 1996 the Trust earned $100,000 in revenue.

Sankuyo Community followed suit in 1996 by sub-leasing their resource rights for $90,000 per year, and the Beetsha/Seronga Community sub-leased their rights for $110,000.

 

Namibia: LIFE, Living in a Finite Environment

2004 estimates show that trophy hunting in Namibia generates $28.5 million, representing 14% of tourism revenue and 2.3% of the entire GDP.

The Namibian economy is 38 times smaller than South Africa’s therefore the income from trophy hunting is 9 times more important.

By 2003, local communities had placed 74,000 square kilometers of land into 29 conservancies, which represent approximately 75% of all hunting lands in Namibia.

These 29 conservancies involve almost 150,000 rural individuals through trophy hunting, conservancy management or secondary industries.

The fee for hunting a single elephant is greater than what could be generated by thirty households from agriculture or livestock in a single year.

 

Zambia: ADMADE, Administrative Management Design Program

By 1999 trophy hunting in Zambia produced close to $4.0 million annually, however some estimates were as large as $10 million

In 2004, Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) disbursed K1.8 billion to 49 communities living in and around Game Management Areas around the country.

Zambia Wildlife Act of 1998 states that all revenues from trophy hunting will accrue back to the state: includes hunting rights fees paid for lease of land, permit fees for the hunt and the trophy --

The government allocates the funds quarterly on a percentage basis for Wildlife Management-45% (Zambian Game Scouts), Community Development-35% (Community Infrastructure Projects) and Administrative-20%

 

ZAWA has many contractual requirements that safari operators must comply with to enhance the economic benefits and overall quality of life in rural communities --

These requirements include:

Development and management of roads

Employment of Zambian Professional Hunters or Apprentice Hunters

Minimum of 80% of labor must come from neighboring communities

Fulfillment of contractual pledges to develop local infrastructure: schools, clinic, wells

Employment of Zambian game scouts to manage both wildlife and poaching

 

 

 

Zimbabwe: CAMPFIRE, Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources

Economic earnings peaked at $22.3 million in 1998; however since 1999 political instability within Zimbabwe due to government land seizures have caused a decline in revenue.

Still trophy hunting generated $12 billion Zimbabwe dollars in 2004 and accounted for approximately 60-90% of all revenues for the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management.

In 2000, 20 to 30% of income from trophy hunting was produced on private land, while 70-80% was produced on the communal lands.

Trophy hunting generates 85-90% of the income from wildlife in CAMPFIRE areas.

CAMPFIRE has taken strides to restore natural resource use rights to 600,000 of the poorest people in Zimbabwe.

From 1989 to 1994 CAMPFIRE earned US$ 6,054,198.

 

South Africa

South Africa has the largest share of trophy hunting in Africa and is responsible for nearly 85% of all trophy exports (Falkena 2003)

U.S. $100 million was generated by foreign trophy hunters in South Africa in 2000 (Anderson 2003) with estimates surging to nearly $137 million per year if multiplier effects and secondary industries are considered (Damm 2004a)

Believed that the nearly 70,000 individuals are employed by trophy hunting and its related industries (PHASA 2004) with nearly 6,000 being directly involved (Chardonnet 2002 and Patterson & Khosa 2005)

The recovery of White Rhino from 30 to nearly 11,000 in South Africa has been directly attributed to the incentives resulting from trophy hunting (Leader-Williams et al 200?)

 

Tanzania

Has the 2nd largest share of trophy hunting in Africa after South Africa (Hurt & Ravn 2000)

In 2001 trophy hunting estimates ranged from as high as $36.1 million to as low as $27.1 million (Baldus & Cauldwell 2004)

Trophy hunting employs approximately 3,700 people annually with 2,282 individuals are permanently employed by trophy hunting with another 2,000 seasonally employed (www.tanzania.go.tz/) who in turn support a minimum of 88,240 families (Hurt & Ravn 2000)

There was approximately a 325% increase in trophy hunting revenue between 1988 and 1996 (Broomhead 1997)

33% of trophy hunting revenues accrue to the state as compared to only 8% from eco-tourism which goes to support the government (Baldus & Cauldwell 2004)

In Selous Game Reserve, Trophy Fees represent 60% of trophy hunting income Baldus & Cauldwell 2004)

Revenue retention schemes have been devised where 50% of income is retained by the reserve for management and infrastructure investment (Baldus et al 2003)

Revenue distribution for reserves with retention schemes (Kayera 2005)

25% goes to Tanzanian Wildlife Protection Fund

25% to the central treasury

50% is retained by the reserve

 

 

Under this scheme 42 district councils have received $5 million from 2000/1-2004/5 (Kayera 2005)

50 of 80 villages around the Selous Game Reserve have created Wildlife Management Areas where sustainable wildlife utilization is the primary land use with through tourism or consumptive utilization (Baldus et al 2001)

 

Sources

Anderson, H.J. 2003. An econometric analysis of the wildlife market in South Africa. MSc Thesis, Univerity of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

Anon, 2005c. wildlife off-take, economic impact of hunting in Botswana. Presentation at the IV AWCF meeting, Mauritius, 7th-9th November 2005.

Baldus, R.D., & Cauldwell, A. 2005. Tourist hunting and its role in development of wildlife management areas in Tanzania. Proceedings of the 6th International Game Ranching Symposium. Paris July 6-9, 2004. International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife, Paris.

Baldus, R.D., Kibonde, B., & Siege, L. 2003. 15 Years of Conservation Partnerships in the Selous Game Reserve and Ecosystem in Tanzania. PARKS, 13(1): 50 – 61.

Baldus, R.D., Hahn, R., Kaggi, G., Kaihula, S., Murphree, M., Mahundi, C.C., Roettcher, R., Siege, L., Zacharia, M. 2001 Experiences with community based wildlife conservation in Tanzania. Tanzania Wildlife Discussion Paper, Number 29.

Bond, I., Child, B., de la Harpe, D., Jones, B., Barnes, J., & Anderson, H. 2004. Private land contribution to conservation in South Africa. In B. Child Editor. Parks in trasition. Earthscan, UK.

Booth, V. 2002. Analysis of wildlife markets (sport hunting and tourism). WWF-SARPO report, Harare.

Broomhead, N. 1997. Income arising from game hunting by Tourists, report No. 2. Tourist Hunting Section of Wildlife Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourims of United Republic of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam.

Chardonnet, P.H., des Clers, B., Fischer, J., Gerhold, R., Jori, F. & Lamarque, F. 2002. The Vaule of Wildlife. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 21(1): 15-51.

Child, B. 2000. Application of the southern African wildlife experience to wildlife utilitzation in Kenya and Tanzania. In H.H. T. Prins, J. G. Grootenhuis, and T. T. Dolan, editors. Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use, Conservation Biology Series. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London.

Chimuti, T. Zimbabwe: country presentation on hunting. Presentation at the IV AWCF meeting, Mauritius, 7th-9th November 2005.

Cumming, D.H.M. 1999. Study on the development of transboundarynatural resource management areas in southern Africa. Environmental context: natural resources and conservation. Biodiversity Support Programme, Washington, DC, 67pp.

Damm, G. 2005a. Hunting in South Africa: facts, risksa dn opportunities. African Indaba, 3(4): 1-14.

Damm, G. 2004b. Hunting creates financial benefits in Zambia. African Indaba, 1(4):3.

Elliot, J. & Mwangi, M. 1009. The opportunity cost of the hunting ban to landowners in Laikipia, Kenya. Laikipia Wildlife Economics Study Discussion Paper CEC-DP-4, African Wildlife Foundation.

Falkena, H. 2003, Game ranch profitability in South Africa. The S.A. Financial Sectore Forum, Rivonia.

Humavindu, M. N. & Barnes, J. I. 2003. Trophy hunting in the Namibian economy: an assessment. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 33(2): 65-70.

Hurt, R. & P. Ravn. 2000. Hunting and its benefits: an overview of hunting in Africa with special reference to Tanzania. Pages 295-314. In H.H.T. Prins, J.G. Grootenhuis, and T.T. Dolan, editors. Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use, Conservation Biology Series. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London.

Hutton, J.M. & N. Leader-Williams. 2003. Sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation: realigning human and conservation interests. Oryx, 37: 215-226.

Kampamba, G. 2005. Safari hunting in Zambia. Presentation at the IV AWCF meeting, Mauritius, 7th-9th November 2005.

Kayera, J.A. 2005. Conservation and trophy hunting activities. Presentation at the IV AWCF meeting, Mauritius, 7th-9th November 2005.

Leader-Williams, N., Milledge, S., Adcock, K., Brooks, M., Conway, A., Knight, M., Mainka, S., Martin, E., & Teferi, T. 2005. Trophy Hunting of Black Rhino Diceros bicornis: Proposals to ensure its future sustainability. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy, 8(1): 1-11.

Modise, Sedia, Botswana: the Role of Wildlife in Developing Sustainable Land Use Management, “Rural Development and Conservation in Africa”, Ed: Paula Hirschoff, Simon Metcalfe, Liz Rihoy and Eren Zink, African Resources Trust, 1996

Nuding, M.A. 2004 Wildlife Management in Namibia: the Conservancy Approach. In O’Riordan, & Stoll-Kleemann S. editors. Biodiversity, Sustainability and Human Communities: Protecting beyond the protected, Cambridge University Press.

Patterson, C. & Khosa, P. 2005. Background research paper: a status quo study on the professional and recreational hunting industry in South Africa. http://www.wag.co.za/Canned%20lion/final_draft.html.

PHASA. 2004. South African hunting guide, 2004. Professional hunting association of South Africa, Octagon creative, Johannesburg.

Sithole, Abraham, The View from the Village: the Community Perspective, “Rural Development and Conservation in Africa”, Ed: Paula Hirschoff, Simon Metcalfe, Liz Rihoy and Eren Zink, African Resources Trust, 1996.

ULG Northumbrian Ltd. 2001. Economic analysis of commercial consumptive use of wildlife in Botswana. Botswana Wildlife Management Association (BWMA), Maun, Botswana.

Weaver, C.L. & Skyer, P. 2003. Conservancies: integrating wildlife land-use options into the livelihood, development, and conservation strategies of Namibian Communities. Paper presented at the 5th World Parks Congress, September 8-17, Durban, South Africa.